Sea state estimation using multiple ships simultaneously as sailing wave buoys     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The article presents initial ideas towards a network-based approach for sea state estimation used for marine operations and other maritime applications. In principle, all available means, ranging from in situ buoys, fleet of ships to remote sensing by satellite and aircraft, could be considered, emphasising that each means and any combinations among may act simultaneously. This study focuses on just one of the means; the use of ships as sailing wave buoys. The article introduces the wave buoy analogy, i.e. ship-as-a-wave-buoy, and it makes a proposal on how to impose (different) weights to the single ship-specific wave spectrum estimates obtained from multiple ships. Moreover, the work includes a discussion about the importance to associate a measure to reflect the (un)certainty of the wave spectrum estimate. The article presents a numerical case study, where multiple ships act simultaneously as wave spectrum-estimators. The case study relies on numerical motion simulations, as appropriate full-scale data is not yet available. In the analysis, it is shown that the use of simultaneous data from multiple ships leads to more accurate wave spectrum estimations.  相似文献   

Monitoring of coral communities in the inner Gulf of Thailand influenced by the elevated seawater temperature and flooding   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

PENGSAKUN Sittiporn  YEEMIN Thamasak  SUTTHACHEEP Makamas  SAMSUVAN Watchar  KLINTHONG Wanlay  CHAMCHOY Charernmee 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(1):102-111

There were two severe coral bleaching events at Ko Khang Khao, the inner Gulf of Thailand, occurred during the prolonged period of the elevated sea surface temperature (SST) in 2010 and low salinity as well as turbidity due to heavy flooding in 2011. The bleaching index (BI) and mortality index (MI) are calculated to compare the susceptibilities of coral species in the two bleaching events. The BI and MI vary significantly among the study sites and bleaching events. The most susceptible corals during both bleaching events are Acropora millepora, Pocillopora damicornis and Pavona decussate, while the most resistant species were Galaxea fascicularis, Fungia fungites, Pavona frondifera, Oulastrea crispate, and Symphyllia recta. The corals Favia favus, Goniopora columna, Platygyra pini, Symphyllia agaricia were relatively more tolerant to high SST but they are relatively more susceptible to low salinity. Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that the dissociation stress of the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and their cnidarian host results in the reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentration. Among stressors, both prolonged exposure of high SST and low salinity, above and below their thresholds, respectively. The long-term resilience of coral communities at Ko Khang Khao and other coral communities close to the mouth of large rivers may depend on the frequency and duration of the exposure on the elevated SST due to atmospheric heating and low salinity due to river flooding.  相似文献   

Modeling of iceberg drift in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The paper is focused on the analysis of the drift of tabular iceberg observed in 2009 in the marginal ice zone of the North-West Barents Sea. Momentum balance equations are derived from the Kirchhoff equations describing plane motion of solid body in an ideal fluid. Field works performed on the drift iceberg and on the drift icenear the iceberg are described. Results of the field works and numerical simulations of the iceberg drift and rotation are performed and discussed. It is shown that acceleration of water flow around the iceberg has visible influence on the iceberg drift. Kinetic energy balance of drift iceberg is used to estimate the forces applied to the iceberg by the drift ice.  相似文献   

VARIATION OF THE TRAVEL TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TELESEISMIC PS CONVERTED WAVE AND PP TRANSMITTED WAVE IN FOCAL REGION BEFORE AND AFTER WENCHUAN M_S8.0 EARTHQUAKE          下载免费PDF全文

SONG Chun-yan  SHAO Xue-zhong  MA Jin 《地震地质》2019,41(3):726-742

When P waves from distant earthquakes meet a velocity discontinuity in the earth's crust and upper mantle, they give rise to a series of converted PS waves besides PP refracted waves. It is possible to monitor the variation of the physical properties of the medium in the limited formation space above the transition zone of the seismogenic zone by measuring the time difference between the teleseismic PS converted wave and the first arrival P wave, that is, time-variation Δt_PS=t_PS-t_P. The advantage of this method is that the transition point of the teleseismic source with similar source is relatively stable at the transition interface, and the accuracy of the measured relative time is high, and the change of the medium in a small range of the seismogenic zone above the conversion interface can be monitored. This paper studies the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS in focal region before and after Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. We select 2001 to 2012 as the research period, use teleseismic waveforms which occurred in the southern region of Sumatra and Hindu Kush area recorded by Sichuan station YZP and JJS. These teleseisms satisfy 5.0 ≤ M ≤ 6.5, and their waveform signal-to-noise ratio is high with clear initial P-wave motion. The epicentral distance of teleseisms is less than 3 degrees. Then we obtain the variation of the travel time difference Δt_PS between teleseismic PS converted wave and PP transmitted wave recorded during the study period in the two stations. The results show that there is a slow increasing trend of Δt_PS before 2006, and an obvious low value process of Δt_PS appeared in the period about 2 years before the Wenchuan earthquake. The maximum decline was about 0.2~0.3s, more than 4~5 times the measurement error. The low value has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the earthquake. The change of arrival time difference indicates that the medium is in different states in different periods of seismogenic process. The sharp decrease in Δt_PS from 2006 to January 2008 may be due to the strong disturbance caused by the stress accumulation of the medium. At this stage, the velocity of P wave and S wave increases with the increase of stress, and the increase of S wave velocity will result in the decrease of Δt_PS. The change of Δt_PS is greatly affected by S wave velocity, so Δt_PS appears to decrease rapidly. Regarding the low value that has a certain degree of return about 2~3 months before the Wenchuan earthquake, the possible reason is that the release of stress is much higher than the accumulation of stress in meta-instability stage. At this stage, the velocity of S wave decreases and the decrease of S wave causes Δt_PS to increase. Then, the Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred. It is shown that the teleseismic converted wave method in this paper can monitor the variation of medium's wave velocity before large earthquakes, and it has a good prospect in seismic monitoring and worth further experimental study.  相似文献   

Assessment of geomorphological bank evolution of the alluvial threshold rivers based on entropy concept parameters     

Azadeh Gholami  Majid Mohammadian  Amir Hossein Zaji  Bahram Gharabaghi 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(7):856-872

The complex stream bank profiles in alluvial channels and rivers that are formed after reaching equilibrium has been a popular topic of research for many geomorphologists and river engineers. The entropy theory has recently been successfully applied to this problem. However, the existing methods restrict the further application of the entropy parameter to determine the cross-section slope of the river banks. To solve this limitation, we introduce a novel approach in the extraction of the equation based on the calculation of the entropy parameter (λ) and the transverse slope of the bank profile at threshold channel conditions. The effects of different hydraulic and geometric parameters are evaluated on a variation of the entropy parameter. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters affecting the entropy parameter shows that the most effective parameter on the λ-slope multiplier is the maximum slope of the bank profile and the dimensionless lateral distance of the river banks.  相似文献   

Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology     

Flavia Burger  Alvaro Ayala  David Farias  Thomas E. Shaw  Shelley MacDonell  Ben Brock  James McPhee  Francesca Pellicciotti 《水文研究》2019,33(2):214-229

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.  相似文献   

锦州沈家台水氡高值波动异常识别     

王喜龙  王海燕  付聪  王松阳  杨振鹏 《地震》2019,39(4):158-171

讨论了锦州沈家台水氡活度浓度出现的高幅度波动异常变化与地震活动的关系。 沈家台水氡测项自2004年开始观测以来, 数据变化稳定, 氡活度浓度一般在4~5 Bq/L范围波动, 且具有很好的年周期变化规律。 但在2016年11月20日开始出现高幅度异常变化, 较正常波动范围平均高出约5 Bq/L。 针对此次出现的异常变化, 在排除外界干扰的基础上, 应用临界慢化方法进行高频异常识别分析。 结果表明, 提取的水氡高频信息成分和方差均存在异常变化, 且高频异常与原始数据异常出现时间具有同步性变化特征。 综合测点映震效能、 区域地震活动性、 井水地球化学分析及水氡异常形成机理等分析结果, 认为这次沈家台水氡出现的异常变化与辽西及环渤海地区应力场调整关系密切, 该区应力增强及井水文地质条件的制约是造成水氡出现高值波动的主要原因。  相似文献   

南北地震带地震震源机制解和现今应力特征     

崔子健  陈章立  王勤彩  李君 《地震》2019,39(1):1-10

基于CAP方法, 使用地震波形资料, 计算得到了2009年1月~2017年8月期间南北地震带及周边区域466个3.5级以上地震震源机制解。 在补充收集1976年1月~2017年8月GCMT公布的259个4.5级以上地震震源机制解的基础上, 分析了南北地震带地震震源机制解和应力特征。 震源机制空间分布显示, 不同断裂带、 块体间表现出不同的震源机制空间分布特征, 该特征与南北地震带不同段落活动构造性质基本吻合。 作为青藏高原东边界的南北地震带, 由于动力环境复杂, 其内部P轴方向具有明显的差异性。 这种差异主要表现为: 南北地震带北段P轴呈NE向分布; 龙门山断裂带及周边除NE段P轴取向为NW—NNW向外, 其他地段P轴近EW向; 川滇菱形块体内部P轴呈NNW向, 而其西边界以西呈NNE向, 东边界以东呈NW向, 应力方向转换带的与川滇菱形块体边界基本一致。 整体而言, 南北地震带及近邻P轴方向由北到南发生了顺时针转动。  相似文献   

华北克拉通西部块体北缘及邻区地壳厚度与泊松比分布特征     

杨彦明  陈婧  熊峰  张云  马援  贾昕晔  贾彦杰 《地震》2019,39(2):97-109

收集了2010—2011年华北克拉通西部块体北缘及邻区布设的36个流动地震台和2009—2016年内蒙古自治区数字地震台网17个宽频带固定地震台站的远震事件波形数据, 采用接收函数H-κ算法分析获得了53个基岩台站下方的地壳厚度和泊松比结果。 此外, 结合已有的81个台站的研究成果, 给出华北克拉通西部块体北缘及邻区地壳厚度与泊松比分布特征。 综合分析认为, 研究区地壳厚度在整体上呈现自东向西渐变的特征, 最厚的地方出现在华北克拉通西端的阿拉善地块(～48.7±3.0 km)。 研究区平均泊松比为0.27, 泊松比高值异常出现在河套断陷带, 意味着可能具有较高的地壳温度或者存在壳内部分熔融。 研究区内不同构造单元呈现出显著的地壳厚度和泊松比分布特征的差异性, 意味着在华北克拉通构造演化过程中, 不同地区经历了不同的地壳改造过程。  相似文献   

地震速报区域的自动确认——以内蒙古测震台网为例     

张珂  王鑫  郝美仙  苏柱金  刘芳 《中国地震》2019,35(4):753-761

针对当前省级区域测震台网在判别边界地震是否需要速报的问题，基于内蒙古自治区行政区域的边界数据，利用几何学中包络线原理，在Matlab中将内蒙古地震速报范围以包络线的形式呈现，解译Msdp地震分析软件的数据接口，实现内蒙古地震速报区域在Msdp软件中的自动确认；对比分析地震速报区域自动确认功能的结果与现阶段手动量取方式判别地震事件是否需要速报的结果，表明地震速报区域的自动确认可提高速报业务软件系统的自动化程度，简化地震速报工作的操作流程，减少速报用时，提高速报工作的准确度。  相似文献